Conclusion

While menorrhagia may be attributable to a variety of factors, clinicians can use a few basic parameters (i.e., age, duration of symptoms, and associated symptoms) to narrow the range of differential diagnoses. After ensuring hemodynamic stability, any underlying conditions should be corrected and normal menstrual cycling restored. Hormonal therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with novel delivery mechanisms and greater awareness helping women avoid unnecessary surgery. Hysterectomy, a definitive but costly treatment, should be reserved for patients unresponsive to other modalities.

Ms. Stern is a nurse practitioner with Planned Parenthood of Connecticut in New Haven.

References
1. Nelson AL. Menstrual problems and common gynecologic concerns In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart FH, eds. Contraceptive Technology. 18th ed.  New York, N.Y.: Ardent Media, Inc; 2004:109-151.
2. Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Walker TJ, O'Brien PM. Determination of total menstrual blood loss. Fertil Steril. 2001;76:125-131.
3. Higham JM, O'Brien PM, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97:734-739.
4. Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. A simple visual assessment technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal menstrual blood loss. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:977-982.
5. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, et al. Menorrhagia I: measured blood loss, clinical features, and outcome in women with heavy periods: a survey with follow-up data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1216-1223.
6. Shankar M, Chi C, Kadir RA. Review of quality of life: menorrhagia in women with or without inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia. 2008;14:15-20.
7. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
8. Kouides PA. Current understanding of von Willebrand's disease in women — some answers, more questions. Haemophilia. 2006;12:143-151.
9. Day Baird D, Dunson DB, Hill MC, et al. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:100-107.
10. Nelson AL. Counseling issues and management of side effects for women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. J Reprod Med. 1996;41(Suppl 5):391.
11. Monteiro I, Bahamondes L, Diaz J, et al. Therapeutic use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with menorrhagia: a pilot study. Contraception. 2002;65:325-328.
12. Kriplani A, Singh BM, Lal S, Agarwal N. Efficacy, acceptability and side effects of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system for menorrhagia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;97:190-194.
13. Magelhaes J, Aldrighi JM, deLima GR. Uterine volume and menstrual patterns in users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system with idiopathic menorrhagia or menorrhagia due to leiomyomas. Contraception. 2007;75:193-198.
14. Barrington JW, Arunkalaivanan AS, Abdel-Fattah M. Comparison between the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;108:72-74.
15. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, et al. Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia. JAMA. 2004;291:1456-1463.

All electronic documents accessed December 7, 2008.